DETEKSI PCR TERHADAP Myxobolus cerebralis PADA IKAN SALMON CHUM (Oncorhynchus keta) DAN IKAN KOMET (Carassius auratus) DI KARANTINA JAWA TIMUR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.21.1.2026.41-52Keywords:
karantina, Myxobolus cerebralis, PCR, whirling disease, quarantineAbstract
Myxobolus cerebralis merupakan patogen Myxozoa penyebab whirling disease pada ikan salmonid hasil budidaya dan liar, serta ditetapkan sebagai penyakit ikan wajib dilaporkan yang mengancam industri akuakultur global. Deteksi dini yang akurat sangat penting untuk mencegah masuk dan menyebarnya penyakit ini ke sistem budidaya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengonfirmasi akurasi metode deteksi M. cerebralis secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, dan molekuler pada dua komoditas akuakultur yaitu fillet ikan salmon chum (Oncorhynchus keta) beku hasil impor dan jaringan kista dari ikan komet (Carassius auratus) hasil budidaya. DNA diekstraksi dari jaringan otot fillet ikan salmon chum dan jaringan kista ikan komet, masing-masing sebanyak 15 sampel, kemudian diamplifikasi menggunakan primer spesifik M. cerebralis (Tr 5-16m dan Tr 3-17). Hasil elektroforesis menunjukkan seluruh sampel (100%) negatif terhadap M. cerebralis. Fillet ikan salmon chum bebas dari lesi dan materi genetik target. Pada ikan komet, meskipun pemeriksaan mikroskopis mengonfirmasi keberadaan spora Myxobolus spp. (ukuran rata-rata 13,4 ± 0,9 µm × 9,6 ± 0,6 µm), namun hasil negatif pada analisis PCR mengindikasikan infeksi disebabkan oleh spesies Myxobolus non-cerebralis yang bersifat endemik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa risiko introduksi M. cerebralis melalui produk fillet ikan salmon impor sangat rendah, dan kista pada ikan komet budidaya bukan disebabkan oleh patogen M. cerebralis. Hasil ini mendukung penerapan risk-based surveillance di pintu karantina dan menegaskan pentingnya deteksi dini patogen infeksi secara molekuler sebagai bagian integral dari sistem biosekuriti akuakultur nasional.
Myxobolus cerebralis is a Myxozoan pathogen that causes whirling disease in both farmed and wild salmonids. The pathogen has been designated as a notifiable fish disease that poses a significant threat to the global aquaculture industry. Early detection with high accuracy is critical for preventing the introduction and transmission of this disease in aquaculture systems in Indonesia. This study aimed to verify the accuracy of detection methods for M. cerebralis using macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular approaches in two aquaculture commodities: imported frozen chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fillets and cyst tissue from cultured goldfish (Carassius auratus). DNA was extracted from 15 muscle tissue samples of chum salmon fillets and cyst tissue of goldfish and then amplified using M. cerebralis-specific primers (Tr 5-16m and Tr 3-17). The results of electrophoresis showed that all samples (100%) were negative for M. cerebralis. The chum salmon fillets were free from lesions and target genetic materials. In goldfish, although microscopic examination confirmed the presence of Myxobolus spp. spores (average size 13.4 ± 0.9 µm × 9.6 ± 0.6 µm), the negative PCR results indicate that the infection was caused by other Myxobolus species, which are likely endemic. These findings indicate that the transmission risks of M. cerebralis through imported salmon fillet products are negligible and that cysts found in farmed goldfish are not caused by M. cerebralis. Nonetheless, this study highlights the importance of risk-based surveillance at quarantine entry points and early molecular detection of infectious pathogens as an integral part of the national aquaculture biosecurity system.
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