Feeding Deterrent of Soft Coral Extracts Nephthea sp. Origin Sulawesi: A Developed Biopesticide Against Plutella xylostella Insect-Pest
Keywords:
Antifeedant, Anti-predatory, Pro-Tox, Green Mustard, SesquiterpenoidsAbstract
Soft corals are known to produce metabolites with anti-predatory properties that could be developed into biopesticides with a feeding deterrent mechanism. Soft coral Nephthea sp. from Sulawesi waters has been reported to exhibit this activity. This study aims to evaluate the feeding deterrent activity of Nephthea sp. extract against the global pest Plutella xylostella, which has developed resistance to synthetic insecticides. Samples were extracted with MeOH:DCM (1:1) and fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions. Feeding deterrent activity was tested using the leaf disc method at concentrations of 50-250 mg/L, while toxicity was measured to determine LD50. The results showed that all fractions significantly reduced larval feeding activity through an indirect mechanism. Probit analysis of LD50 yielded values of 170.38 mg/L (EtOH), 128.54 mg/L (EtOAc), and 122.37 mg/L (n-hexane). GC-MS analysis of crude extracts identified 56 volatile and semi-volatile compounds, dominated by sesquiterpene derivatives. Computational toxicity prediction using ProTox 3.0 indicated that 62.53% of compounds had low oral toxicity or were non-toxic according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classification. Although the LD50>100 mg/L indicates moderate acute toxicity potential, the significant feeding deterrent activity at low concentrations (50-250 mg/L) and a promising computational safety profile suggest that Nephthea sp. has potential as a biopesticide that primarily acts through an feeding deterrent mechanism, but requires further formulation and toxicity studies before further development.
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